Demodulation circuit and RFID tag including the demodulation circuit

ABSTRACT

An object is to provide a demodulation circuit having a sufficient demodulation ability. Another object is to provide an RFID tag which uses a demodulation circuit having a sufficient demodulation ability. A material which enables a reverse current to be small enough, for example, an oxide semiconductor material, which is a wide bandgap semiconductor, is used in part of a transistor included in a demodulation circuit. By using the semiconductor material which enables a reverse current of a transistor to be small enough, a sufficient demodulation ability can be secured even when an electromagnetic wave having a high amplitude is received.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention disclosed herein relates to a demodulation circuit and anRFID tag that utilizes the demodulation circuit.

BACKGROUND ART

Recently, semiconductor devices that are capable of transmitting andreceiving data without contact have been actively developed. Suchsemiconductor devices are particularly called RFID (radio frequencyidentification) tags, ID tags, IC tags, IC chips, RF tags, wirelesstags, electronic tags, wireless chips, transponders, and the like.

The data transfer between the RFID tag and a communication device isgenerally carried out in such a manner that a device on the transmissionside (e.g., the communication device) transmits a modulated carrierwave, and the device on the reception side (e.g., the RFID tag)demodulates the modulated carrier wave.

As one of the methods for modulating a carrier wave, there is anamplitude modulation method (an amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulationmethod). An ASK modulation method is a method in which a difference inamplitude of a carrier wave is generated and this amplitude differenceis used as a modulation signal in transmitting data.

In order to extract data from the modulated carrier wave, the RFID tagis provided with a demodulation circuit. As an example of thedemodulation circuit, there is a device that uses a rectifying functionof a transistor whose gate terminal and drain terminal (or sourceterminal) are connected to each other (e.g., see Patent Document 1).

Reference

Patent Document

-   [Patent Document 1] Japanese Published Patent Application No.    2008-182687

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

By the way, energy of electromagnetic waves is inversely proportional tothe square of the distance between a point on which the electromagneticwaves are radiated and an observation point. That is, as the distancebetween a communication device and an RFID tag becomes longer, theenergy of electromagnetic waves that the RFID tag receives becomeslower; on the contrary, as the distance between the communication deviceand the RFID tag becomes shorter, the energy of electromagnetic wavesthat the RFID tag receives becomes higher.

As described above, the energy of electromagnetic waves that the RFIDtag receives becomes higher when the distance between the communicationdevice and the RFID tag is shorter. Therefore, in the case where thedistance between the communication device and the RFID tag is short, anadvantage in terms of supplied electric power can be gained generally.However, for example in an RFID tag provided with the demodulationcircuit disclosed in Patent Document 1 which utilizes a rectifyingfunction of a transistor whose gate terminal and drain terminal (orsource terminal) are connected to each other, a reverse current isgenerated in the transistor when electromagnetic waves with largeamplitude are received, so that a sufficient rectifying function cannotbe obtained. In other words, it is difficult to perform sufficientdemodulation.

In consideration of the above-described problem, an object of anembodiment of the invention disclosed herein is to provide ademodulation circuit having a sufficient demodulation ability. Further,another object is to provide an RFID tag provided with a demodulationcircuit having a sufficient demodulation ability.

In the invention disclosed herein, a material which enables a reversecurrent to be small enough, for example an oxide semiconductor material,which is a wide bandgap semiconductor, is used in a transistor in ademodulation circuit, whose gate terminal and drain terminal (or sourceterminal) are connected to each other. By using a semiconductor materialwhich enables a reverse current of a transistor whose gate terminal anddrain terminal (or source terminal) are connected to each other to besmall enough, even in the case where electromagnetic waves with largeamplitude are received, a sufficient demodulation ability can besecured.

Specifically, the following structures can be employed, for example.

An embodiment of the present invention is a demodulation circuit whichincludes a first transistor, a second transistor, a first capacitor, asecond capacitor, a third capacitor, a first resistor, and a secondresistor. In addition, a gate terminal of the first transistor, a drainterminal (or a source terminal) of the first transistor, a sourceterminal (or a drain terminal) of the second transistor, and oneterminal of the first capacitor are electrically connected to eachother; a gate terminal of the second transistor, a drain terminal (or asource terminal) of the second transistor, one terminal of the secondcapacitor, one terminal of the third capacitor, and one terminal of thefirst resistor are electrically connected to each other; a sourceterminal (or a drain terminal) of the first transistor, the otherterminal of the second capacitor, the other terminal of the firstresistor, and one terminal of the second resistor are electricallyconnected to each other; the other terminal of the third capacitor andthe other terminal of the second resistor are electrically connected toeach other; and a channel formation region of the first transistor and achannel formation region of the second transistor include an oxidesemiconductor.

In the above-described demodulation circuit, a reference potential maybe supplied to a node which is electrically connected to the gateterminal of the second transistor, the drain terminal (or the sourceterminal) of the second transistor, the one terminal of the secondcapacitor, the one terminal of the third capacitor, and the one terminalof the first resistor.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a demodulation circuitwhich includes a first transistor, a second transistor, a firstcapacitor, a second capacitor, a third capacitor, a first resistor, anda second resistor. In addition, a gate terminal of the secondtransistor, a drain terminal (or a source terminal) of the secondtransistor, a source terminal (or a drain terminal) of the firsttransistor, and one terminal of the first capacitor are electricallyconnected to each other; a source terminal (or a drain terminal) of thesecond transistor, one terminal of the second capacitor, one terminal ofthe third capacitor, and one terminal of the first resistor areelectrically connected to each other; a gate terminal of the firsttransistor, a drain terminal (or a source terminal) of the firsttransistor, the other terminal of the second capacitor, the otherterminal of the first resistor, and one terminal of the second resistorare electrically connected to each other; the other terminal of thethird capacitor and the other terminal of the second resistor areelectrically connected to each other; and a channel formation region ofthe first transistor and a channel formation region of the secondtransistor include an oxide semiconductor.

In the above-described demodulation circuit, a reference potential maybe supplied to a node which is electrically connected to the sourceterminal (or the drain terminal) of the second transistor, the oneterminal of the second capacitor, the one terminal of the thirdcapacitor, and the one terminal of the first resistor.

By using any of the embodiments of the demodulation circuit, an RFID taghaving excellent characteristics can be obtained.

Note that although the transistor may be formed using an oxidesemiconductor in the above embodiments, the invention disclosed hereinis not limited thereto. A material which can realize reverse currentcharacteristics equivalent to those of the oxide semiconductor, such asa wide bandgap material (more specifically, a semiconductor materialwith an energy gap Eg of larger than 3 eV) like silicon carbide, may beused.

Note that in this specification and the like, the term such as “over” or“below” does not necessarily mean that a component is placed “directlyon” or “directly under” another component. For example, the expression“a gate electrode over a gate insulating layer” can mean the case wherethere is an additional component between the gate insulating layer andthe gate electrode. Moreover, the terms such as “over” and “below” areonly used for convenience of description, and the positions ofcomponents may be reversed upside down, unless otherwise specified.

In addition, in this specification and the like, the term such as“electrode” or “wiring” does not limit the function of the component.For example, an “electrode” can be used as part of “wiring”, and viceversa. Further, the term “electrode” or “wiring” can also mean acombination of a plurality of “electrodes” and “wirings” formed in anintegrated manner.

Functions of a “source” and a “drain” are sometimes replaced with eachother when a transistor of opposite polarity is used or when thedirection of current flow is changed in circuit operation, for example.Therefore, the terms “source” and “drain” can be used to denote thedrain and the source, respectively, in this specification.

Note that in this specification and the like, the term “electricallyconnected” includes the case where components are connected through an“object having any electric function.” There is no particular limitationon the “object having any electric function” as long as electric signalscan be transmitted and received between components that are connectedthrough the object.

Examples of the “object having any electric function” are a switchingelement such as a transistor, a resistor, an inductor, a capacitor, andan element with a variety of functions as well as an electrode and awiring.

By using an oxide semiconductor in a transistor whose gate terminal anddrain terminal (or source terminal) are connected to each other, areverse current can be made small enough. Therefore, using thistransistor, an ability of a demodulation circuit can be improvedsufficiently. Accordingly, even when the distance between acommunication device and an RFID tag is short, favorable datatransmission and reception can be carried out.

In this manner, by using a transistor including an oxide semiconductor(in a broad sense, a transistor in which a reverse current can be smallenough) in part of a demodulation circuit, the demodulation circuit canhave excellent characteristics. Further, with the use of thedemodulation circuit, an RFID tag having excellent characteristics canbe realized.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings:

FIGS. 1A and 1B are circuit diagrams of semiconductor devices;

FIGS. 2A to 2C show operation of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 3A to 3C show operation of a semiconductor device;

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of the structure of an RFID tag;

FIGS. 5A to 5D illustrate examples of the structure of a transistor; and

FIGS. 6A to 6E illustrate an example of a manufacturing method of atransistor.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described withreference to the drawings. Note that the present invention is notlimited to the following description and it will be easily understood bythose skilled in the art that modes and details can be modified invarious ways without departing from the spirit and the scope of thepresent invention. Therefore, the present invention should not beconstrued as being limited to the description in the followingembodiments.

Note that the position, the size, the range, or the like of eachstructure illustrated in drawings and the like is not accuratelyrepresented in some cases for easy understanding. Therefore, theinvention disclosed herein is not necessarily limited to such position,size, range, and the like disclosed in the drawings and the like.

In this specification and the like, ordinal numbers such as “first”,“second”, and “third” are used in order to avoid confusion amongcomponents, and the terms do not limit the components numerically.

(Embodiment 1)

In this embodiment, a circuit configuration and the like of asemiconductor device according to an embodiment of the inventiondisclosed herein will be described with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B,FIGS. 2A to 2C, and FIGS. 3A to 3C. Note that in circuit diagrams, “OS”may be written beside a transistor in order to indicate that thetransistor includes an oxide semiconductor.

<Circuit Configuration>

First, circuit configurations and functions of components of asemiconductor device of an embodiment of the invention disclosed hereinwill be described with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B.

FIG. 1A shows an example of a demodulation circuit of the inventiondisclosed herein. The demodulation circuit includes a first transistorT1, a second transistor T2, a first capacitor C1, a second capacitor C2,a third capacitor C3, a first resistor R1, and a second resistor R2.

Here, a gate terminal of the first transistor T1, a drain terminal (or asource terminal) of the first transistor T1, a source terminal (or adrain terminal) of the second transistor T2, and one terminal of thefirst capacitor C1 are electrically connected to each other. Inaddition, a gate terminal of the second transistor T2, a drain terminal(or a source terminal) of the second transistor T2, one terminal of thesecond capacitor C2, one terminal of the third capacitor C3, and oneterminal of the first resistor R1 are electrically connected to eachother. Further, a source terminal (or a drain terminal) of the firsttransistor T1, the other terminal of the second capacitor C2, the otherterminal of the first resistor R1, and one terminal of the secondresistor R2 are electrically connected to each other. Furthermore, theother terminal of the third capacitor C3 and the other terminal of thesecond resistor R2 are electrically connected to each other. Note thatthe other terminal of the first capacitor C1 functions as an inputterminal IN, and a node which is electrically connected to the otherterminal of the third capacitor C3 and the other terminal of the secondresistor R2 functions as an output terminal OUT.

In the demodulation circuit shown in FIG. 1A, normally, a referencepotential V_(GND) is supplied to a node GND which is electricallyconnected to the gate terminal of the second transistor T2, the drainterminal (or the source terminal) of the second transistor T2, the oneterminal of the second capacitor C2, the one terminal of the thirdcapacitor C3, and the one terminal of the first resistor R1.

In the demodulation circuit shown in FIG. 1A, a channel formation regionof the first transistor T1 and a channel formation region of the secondtransistor T2 are formed using a material which enables a reversecurrent to be small enough, for example, an oxide semiconductor. Thus,even in a situation where a high reverse voltage is applied between thesource terminal and the drain terminal of the transistor, a sufficientrectifying function can be obtained. That is, a demodulation circuithaving a sufficient demodulation ability can be realized.

FIG. 1B shows another example of the demodulation circuit of theinvention disclosed herein. Components of the demodulation circuit aresimilar to those of the demodulation circuit shown in FIG. 1A. That is,the demodulation circuit in FIG. 1B includes the first transistor T1,the second transistor T2, the first capacitor C1, the second capacitorC2, the third capacitor C3, the first resistor R1, and the secondresistor R2.

Note that the demodulation circuit shown in FIG. 1B is different fromthat of FIG. 1A in the connection relation of components.

Specifically, the gate terminal of the second transistor T2, the drainterminal (or the source terminal) of the second transistor T2, thesource terminal (or the drain terminal) of the first transistor T1, andthe one terminal of the first capacitor C1 are electrically connected toeach other. In addition, the source terminal (or the drain terminal) ofthe second transistor T2, the one terminal of the second capacitor C2,the one terminal of the third capacitor C3, and the one terminal of thefirst transistor R1 are electrically connected to each other. Further,the gate terminal of the first transistor T1, the drain terminal (or thesource terminal) of the first transistor T1, the other terminal of thesecond capacitor C2, the other terminal of the first resistor R1, andthe one terminal of the second resistor R2 are electrically connected toeach other. Note that the other terminal of the first capacitorfunctions as an input terminal IN, and the node which is electricallyconnected to the other terminal of the third capacitor C3 and the otherterminal of the second resistor R2 functions as an output terminal OUT.

In the demodulation circuit shown in FIG. 1B, normally, a referencepotential V_(GND) is supplied to the node GND which is electricallyconnected to the source terminal (or the drain terminal) of the secondtransistor T2, the one terminal of the second capacitor C2, the oneterminal of the third capacitor C3, and the one terminal of the firstresistor R1.

In the demodulation circuit shown in FIG. 1B, a channel formation regionof the first transistor T1 and a channel formation region of the secondtransistor T2 are formed using a material which enables a reversecurrent to be small enough, for example, an oxide semiconductor. Thus,even in a situation where a high reverse voltage is applied between thesource terminal and the drain terminal of the transistor, a sufficientrectifying function can be obtained. That is, a demodulation circuithaving a sufficient demodulation ability can be realized.

In the demodulation circuits shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the firstcapacitor C1 has a function of compensating the center (reference line)of a wave amplitude. The second capacitor C2 has a function of smoothinga waveform. Further, the first resistor R1 has a function of keeping acurrent flowing through a point A constant.

The resistance value of the first resistor R1 is determined on the basisof the capacitance of the second capacitor C2. If the resistance valueof the first resistor R1 is too small, the amplitude of a signalobtained via a carrier wave becomes small. In contrast, if theresistance value of the first resistor R1 is too large, a breakdownphenomenon of the second transistor T2 is caused and the secondtransistor T2 does not operate normally.

Further, the second resistor R2 and the third capacitor C3 function as alow-pass filter that removes a high-frequency component.

<Features of Demodulation Circuit>

Next, features of the demodulation circuits shown in FIGS. 1A and 1Bwill be described with reference to FIGS. 2A to 2C and FIGS. 3A to 3C.

First, a demodulated signal obtained with a conventional demodulationcircuit will be described with reference to FIGS. 2A to 2C. FIG. 2Ashows a carrier wave that is input to a demodulation circuit. Thepotential difference Vpp between a maximum potential and a minimumpotential of the carrier wave is 2V (that is, the amplitude is V), andthe carrier wave is modulated by 2ΔV.

After demodulation of the carrier wave in “an ideal condition”, a signalwhich can be expressed by an envelope in which a potential differenceVpp′ between a maximum potential and a minimum potential is 2V′ and amodulation amount is 2ΔV′ is obtained. Here, “an ideal condition” meanssuch a condition where a reverse current is not generated in atransistor having a rectifying function in a demodulation circuit, inother words, such a condition where a potential on the input side and apotential on the output side of a transistor have a linear relation anda sufficient rectifying function can be obtained.

In the above-described “ideal condition”, the relations between an inputpotential difference VIN (a potential difference between a maximumpotential and a minimum potential of a carrier wave) of a demodulationcircuit and an output potential difference VOUT of the demodulationcircuit are expressed by a line A and a line B in FIG. 2C. Here, theline A shows a relation between the input potential difference VIN of ademodulation circuit and the output potential difference VOUT of thedemodulation circuit in the case where modulation is not performed. Theline B shows a relation between the input potential difference VIN ofthe demodulation circuit and the output potential difference VOUT of thedemodulation circuit in the case where modulation is performed. That is,a difference between the VOUT when the VIN is Vpp in the line A and theVOUT when the VIN is Vpp in the line B corresponds to a potentialdifference (2ΔV′) in a modulated portion of the output signal.

Various circuits are connected to the output teminal OUT side of thedemodulation circuit, and various operations are carried out with theuse of signals which are output in the above-described manner.Therefore, the output signal needs to have a sufficient and constantratio of the potential difference in a modulated portion with respect tothe potential difference Vpp′ between the maximum potential and theminimum potential.

However, in a conventional demodulation circuit, when the inputpotential difference VIN is large, a large reverse current is generatedin the transistor having a rectifying function, so that the rectifyingfunction becomes weaker. As a result, the output from the demodulationcircuit with respect to the input to the demodulation circuit is notlinear, and a signal having a sufficient and constant strength ratiocannot be output. In other words, the output signal does not correspondto the envelope of the input (see FIGS. 2A and 2B).

The relations between the input potential difference VIN and the outputpotential difference VOUT of the conventional demodulation circuit areexpressed by a line C and a line D in FIG. 2C. From FIG. 2C, it can beunderstood that as compared to the signal potential difference Vpp′ andthe potential difference 2ΔV′ in a modulated portion in an idealcondition, a conventional demodulation circuit has a smaller signalpotential difference of Vpp″ and a smaller potential difference in amodulated portion of 2ΔV″. In addition, since the input potentialdifference VIN and the output potential difference VOUT are not linear,in the output signal, the ratio of the potential difference in amodulated portion with respect to the potential difference between amaximum potential and a minimum potential varies depending on the inputpotential difference VIN.

On the other hand, in a demodulation circuit of an embodiment of theinvention disclosed herein, a transistor having a rectifying functionincludes a material which enables a reverse current to be small enough,for example, an oxide semiconductor. Accordingly, the phenomenon of arectifying function becoming weaker due to generation of a reversecurrent can be suppressed, and saturation of the output from thedemodulation circuit can be prevented. In other words, the output fromthe demodulation circuit corresponding to the input to the demodulationcircuit can be linear and a condition sufficiently close to the “idealcondition” can be made (see FIGS. 3A and 3B).

Rectifying characteristics of a transistor whose gate terminal and drainterminal (or source terminal) are connected to each other is shown inFIG. 3C. In the drawing, a broken line 101 shows rectifyingcharacteristics of a conventional transistor (e.g., a transistorincluding silicon), and a solid line 103 shows rectifyingcharacteristics of a transistor including a material which enables areverse current to be small enough, (e.g., a transistor including anoxide semiconductor). From FIG. 3C, it is found that both theconventional transistor and the transistor including a material whichenables a reverse current to be small enough have favorablecharacteristics when being applied with a forward voltage. When areverse voltage is applied, the characteristics of the conventionaltransistor are degraded; in contrast, the characteristics of thetransistor including a material which enables a reverse current to besmall enough are favorable. Using a transistor in which a reversecurrent is not generated even when a high reverse voltage is applied, ademodulation circuit having a sufficient demodulation ability can berealized.

(Embodiment 2)

In this embodiment, an RFID tag which is an example to which thedemodulation circuit described in the above embodiment is applied willbe described with reference to FIG. 4.

The RFID tag of this embodiment includes a memory circuit storingnecessary data and exchanges data with the outside using contactlessmeans such as wireless communication. Having these features, the RFIDtag can be used for an individual authentication system in which anobject is identified by reading individual information of the object, orthe like. Note that the RFID tag is required to have extremely highreliability in order to be used for this purpose.

A configuration of the RFID tag will be described with reference to FIG.4. FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an RFID tag.

As shown in FIG. 4, an RFID tag 300 includes an antenna 304 whichreceives a radio signal 303 that is transmitted from an antenna 302connected to a communication device 301 (also referred to as aninterrogator, a reader/writer, or the like). The RFID tag 300 includes arectifier circuit 305, a constant voltage circuit 306, a demodulationcircuit 307, a modulation circuit 308, a logic circuit 309, a memorycircuit 310, and a ROM 311. In a manner similar to that of the aboveembodiment, the demodulation circuit 307 includes a material whichenables a reverse current to be small enough, for example, an oxidesemiconductor, in part of a transistor. Note that data transmissionmethods are roughly classified into the following three methods: anelectromagnetic coupling method in which a pair of coils is provided soas to face each other and communicates with each other by mutualinduction, an electromagnetic induction method in which communication isperformed using an induction field, and a radio wave method in whichcommunication is performed using a radio wave. Any of these methods canbe used in the RFID tag 300 of this embodiment.

Next, the structure of each circuit will be described. The antenna 304exchanges the radio signal 303 with the antenna 302 which is connectedto the communication device 301. The rectifier circuit 305 generates aninput potential by rectification, for example, half-wave voltage doublerrectification of an input alternating signal generated by reception of aradio signal at the antenna 304 and smoothing of the rectified signalwith a capacitor provided in a later stage in the rectifier circuit 305.Note that a limiter circuit may be provided on an input side or anoutput side of the rectifier circuit 305. The limiter circuit controlselectric power so that electric power which is higher than or equal tocertain electric power is not input to a circuit in a later stage if theamplitude of the input alternating signal is high and an internalgeneration voltage is high.

The constant voltage circuit 306 generates a stable power supply voltagefrom an input potential and supplies it to each circuit. Note that theconstant voltage circuit 306 may include a reset signal generationcircuit. The reset signal generation circuit is a circuit whichgenerates a reset signal of the logic circuit 309 by utilizing rise ofthe stable power supply voltage.

The demodulation circuit 307 demodulates the input alternating signal byenvelope detection and generates the demodulated signal. Thedemodulation circuit described in the above embodiment can be applied tothe demodulation circuit 307. Further, the modulation circuit 308performs modulation in accordance with data to be output from theantenna 304.

The logic circuit 309 analyzes and processes the demodulated signal. Thememory circuit 310 holds the input data and includes a row decoder, acolumn decoder, a memory region, and the like. Further, the ROM 311stores an identification number (ID) or the like and outputs it inaccordance with processing.

Note that any of the above-described circuits may be omitted asappropriate.

In this embodiment, the demodulation circuit described in the aboveembodiment is mounted on the RFID tag 300. Therefore, even in asituation where the distance between the RFID tag 300 and thecommunication device 301 is short and the intensity of an input signalis high, a sufficient demodulation ability can be achieved. As a result,errors at the time of transmitting or receiving data can be reduced.That is, the RFID tag 300 can have high reliability of data transmissionand reception.

The structures, methods, and the like described in this embodiment canbe combined as appropriate with any of the structures, methods, and thelike described in the other embodiments.

(Embodiment 3)

In this embodiment, examples of a transistor which can be applied to thedemodulation circuit described in the above embodiment will be describedwith reference to FIGS. 5A to 5D. There is no particular limitation onthe structure of the transistor; for example, a staggered type or aplanar type having a top-gate structure or a bottom-gate structure canbe employed as appropriate. Further, the transistor may have any of asingle gate structure including one channel formation region, a doublegate structure including two channel formation regions, or a triple gatestructure including three channel formation regions. Alternatively, thetransistor may have a dual gate structure including two gate electrodelayers positioned over and below a channel region with a gate insulatinglayer provided therebetween.

FIGS. 5A to 5D each illustrate an example of a cross-sectional structureof a transistor. Transistors illustrated in FIGS. 5A to 5D aretransistors including an oxide semiconductor as a semiconductor. Anadvantage of using an oxide semiconductor is that high mobility and alow off-state current can be obtained with an easy and low-temperatureprocess.

A transistor 410 illustrated in FIG. 5A is an example of bottom-gatetransistors, and is also referred to as an inverted staggeredtransistor.

The transistor 410 includes, over a substrate 400 having an insulatingsurface, a gate electrode layer 401, a gate insulating layer 402, anoxide semiconductor layer 403, a source electrode layer 405 a, and adrain electrode layer 405 b. Further, an insulating layer 407 being incontact with the oxide semiconductor layer 403 is provided so as tocover the transistor 410. Further, a protective insulating layer 409 isformed over the insulating layer 407.

A transistor 420 illustrated in FIG. 5B is an example of bottom-gatetransistors called channel-protective (channel-stop) transistors and isalso called an inverted staggered transistor.

The transistor 420 includes, over the substrate 400 having an insulatingsurface, the gate electrode layer 401, the gate insulating layer 402,the oxide semiconductor layer 403, an insulating layer 427 whichfunctions as a channel protective layer, the source electrode layer 405a, and the drain electrode layer 405 b. Further, the protectiveinsulating layer 409 is formed so as to cover the transistor 420.

A transistor 430 illustrated in FIG. 5C is an example of bottom-gatetransistors. The transistor 430 includes, over the substrate 400 havingan insulating surface, the gate electrode layer 401, the gate insulatinglayer 402, the source electrode layer 405 a, the drain electrode layer405 b, and the oxide semiconductor layer 403. Further, the insulatinglayer 407 being in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer 403 isprovided so as to cover the transistor 430. The protective insulatinglayer 409 is further formed over the insulating layer 407.

In the transistor 430, the gate insulating layer 402 is provided overand in contact with the substrate 400 and the gate electrode layer 401;the source electrode layer 405 a and the drain electrode layer 405 b areprovided over and in contact with the gate insulating layer 402. Inaddition, the oxide semiconductor layer 403 is provided over the gateinsulating layer 402, the source electrode layer 405 a, and the drainelectrode layer 405 b.

A transistor 440 illustrated in FIG. 5D is an example of top-gatetransistors. The transistor 440 includes, over the substrate 400 havingan insulating surface, an insulating layer 437, the oxide semiconductorlayer 403, the source electrode layer 405 a, the drain electrode layer405 b, the gate insulating layer 402, and the gate electrode layer 401.A wiring layer 436 a and a wiring layer 436 b are provided in contactwith the source electrode layer 405 a and the drain electrode layer 405b, respectively.

In this embodiment, as described above, the oxide semiconductor layer403 is used as a semiconductor layer. As examples of an oxidesemiconductor used for the oxide semiconductor layer 403, there are anIn—Sn—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor which is a four-component metaloxide; an In—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor, an In—Sn—Zn—O-basedoxide semiconductor, an In—Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor, aSn—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor, an Al—Ga—Zn—O-based oxidesemiconductor, and a Sn—Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor which arethree-component metal oxides; an In—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor, aSn—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor, an Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor,a Zn—Mg—O-based oxide semiconductor, a Sn—Mg—O-based oxidesemiconductor, and an In—Mg—O-based oxide semiconductor which aretwo-component metal oxides; and an In—O-based oxide semiconductor, aSn—O-based oxide semiconductor, and a Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor.Further, SiO₂ may be added to the above-described oxide semiconductor.Here, for example, an In—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor is an oxideincluding at least In, Ga, and Zn, and there is no particular limitationon the composition ratio thereof. Further, the In—Ga—Zn—O-based oxidesemiconductor may include an element other than In, Ga, and Zn.

For the oxide semiconductor layer 403, an oxide semiconductorrepresented by the chemical formula, InMO₃(ZnO)_(m) (m>0) can be used.Here, M represents one or more metal elements selected from Ga, Al, Mn,and Co. For example, M may be Ga, Ga and Al, Ga and Mn, Ga and Co, orthe like.

In the transistor 410, the transistor 420, the transistor 430, and thetransistor 440 which include the oxide semiconductor layer 403, areverse current can be made small enough. By using such transistor, ademodulation circuit having a sufficient demodulation ability can berealized.

There is no particular limitation on the substrate that can be used asthe substrate 400 having an insulating surface. For example, a glasssubstrate, a quartz substrate, or the like which is used in a liquidcrystal display device or the like can be used. Alternatively, asubstrate in which an insulating layer is formed over a silicon wafer,or the like may be used.

In the bottom-gate transistors 410, 420, and 430, an insulating layerserving as a base may be provided between the substrate and the gateelectrode layer. The insulating layer has a function of preventingdiffusion of an impurity element from the substrate, and can be formedof one or more of a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxide film, asilicon nitride oxide film, and a silicon oxynitride film.

The gate electrode layer 401 can be formed using a metal material suchas molybdenum, titanium, chromium, tantalum, tungsten, aluminum, copper,neodymium, or scandium, or an alloy material which includes any of thesemetal materials as a main component. The gate electrode layer 401 mayhave either a single-layer structure or a stacked structure.

The gate insulating layer 402 can be formed of one or more of a siliconoxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, a siliconnitride oxide film, an aluminum oxide film, an aluminum nitride film, analuminum oxynitride film, an aluminum nitride oxide film, and a hafniumoxide film by a plasma CVD method, a sputtering method, or the like. Forexample, a gate insulating layer (e.g., with a total thickness of 200nm) can be formed in such a manner that a silicon nitride film (SiN_(y)(y≧0)) with a thickness of 50 nm to 200 nm is formed as a first gateinsulating layer by a plasma CVD method and a silicon oxide film(SiO_(x) (x>0)) with a thickness of 5 nm to 300 nm is stacked over thefirst gate insulating layer by a sputtering method as a second gateinsulating layer.

The source electrode layer 405 a and the drain electrode layer 405 b canbe formed using a metal material such as molybdenum, titanium, chromium,tantalum, tungsten, aluminum, copper, neodymium, or scandium, or analloy material which includes any of these metal materials as a maincomponent. For example, the source electrode layer 405 a and the drainelectrode layer 405 b can have a stacked structure of a layer of metalsuch as aluminum, copper, or the like and a layer of high-melting-pointmetal such as titanium, molybdenum, or tungsten. An aluminum materialincluding an element which prevents generation of hillocks or whiskers(e.g., silicon, neodymium, or scandium) may be used for higher heatresistance.

Alternatively, the conductive film to be the source electrode layer 405a and the drain electrode layer 405 b (including a wiring layer formedin the same layer as the source and drain electrode layers) may be aconductive metal oxide film. As a conductive metal oxide, indium oxide(In₂O₃), tin oxide (SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide-tin oxidealloy (In₂O₃—SnO₂, which is abbreviated as ITO in some cases), indiumoxide-zinc oxide alloy (In₂O₃—ZnO), any of these metal oxide materialsin which silicon oxide is contained, or the like can be used.

A material similar to that of the source electrode layer 405 a and thedrain electrode layer 405 b can be used for the wiring layer 436 a andthe wiring layer 436 b which are in contact with the source electrodelayer 405 a and the drain electrode layer 405 b, respectively.

As the insulating layers 407, 427, and 437, an inorganic insulating filmtypified by a silicon oxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, an aluminumoxide film, and an aluminum oxynitride film, can be used.

As the protective insulating layer 409, an inorganic insulating filmsuch as a silicon nitride film, an aluminum nitride film, a siliconnitride oxide film, or an aluminum nitride oxide film can be used.

In addition, a planarization insulating film may be formed over theprotective insulating layer 409 in order to reduce surface unevennessdue to the transistor. As the planarization insulating film, an organicmaterial such as polyimide, acrylic, or benzocyclobutene can be used.Other than such organic materials, it is also possible to use alow-dielectric constant material (a low-k material) or the like. Notethat the planarization insulating film may be formed by stacking aplurality of insulating films formed of these materials.

The structures, methods, and the like described in this embodiment canbe combined as appropriate with any of the structures, methods, and thelike described in the other embodiments.

(Embodiment 4)

In this embodiment, an example of a transistor including an oxidesemiconductor layer and an example of a manufacturing method thereofwill be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 6A to 6E.

FIGS. 6A to 6E are cross-sectional views illustrating a manufacturingprocess of a transistor. A transistor 510 illustrated here is aninverted staggered transistor similar to the transistor 410 illustratedin FIG. 5A.

An oxide semiconductor used for a semiconductor layer of this embodimentis an i-type (intrinsic) oxide semiconductor or a substantially i-type(intrinsic) oxide semiconductor. The i-type (intrinsic) oxidesemiconductor or substantially i-type (intrinsic) oxide semiconductor isobtained in such a manner that hydrogen, which is an n-type impurity, isremoved from an oxide semiconductor, and the oxide semiconductor ispurified so as to contain as few impurities that are other than maincomponents of the oxide semiconductor as possible.

Note that the purified oxide semiconductor includes extremely fewcarriers, and the carrier concentration is lower than 1×10¹⁴ /cm³,preferably lower than 1×10¹² /cm³, further preferably lower than 1×10¹¹/cm³. Such few carriers enable a current in an off state (off-statecurrent) to be small enough.

Specifically, in the transistor including the above-described oxidesemiconductor layer, the off-state current density per channel width of1 μm at room temperature (25° C.) can be 100 zA/μm (1×10⁻¹⁹ A/μm) orlower, or further 10 zA/μm (1×10⁻²⁰ A/μm) or lower under conditionswhere the channel length L of the transistor is 10 μm and thesource-drain voltage is 3 V.

The transistor 510 including the purified oxide semiconductor layerhardly has temperature dependence of an on-state current and also has anextremely small off-state current.

A process for manufacturing the transistor 510 over a substrate 505 willbe described with reference to FIGS. 6A to 6E.

First, a conductive film is formed over the substrate 505 having aninsulating surface, and then a gate electrode layer 511 is formedthrough a first photolithography process. Note that a resist mask usedin the photolithography process may be formed by an inkjet method.Formation of the resist mask by an inkjet method needs no photomask;thus, manufacturing cost can be reduced.

As the substrate 505 having an insulating surface, a substrate similarto the substrate 400 described in the above embodiment can be used. Inthis embodiment, a glass substrate is used as the substrate 505.

An insulating layer serving as a base may be provided between thesubstrate 505 and the gate electrode layer 511. The insulating layer hasa function of preventing diffusion of an impurity element from thesubstrate 505, and can be formed of one or more films selected from asilicon nitride film, a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride oxidefilm, a silicon oxynitride film, and the like.

The gate electrode layer 511 can be formed using a metal material suchas molybdenum, titanium, chromium, tantalum, tungsten, aluminum, copper,neodymium, or scandium, or an alloy material which includes any of thesemetal materials as a main component. The gate electrode layer 511 canhave a single-layer structure or a stacked structure.

Next, a gate insulating layer 507 is formed over the gate electrodelayer 511. The gate insulating layer 507 can be formed by a plasma CVDmethod, a sputtering method, or the like. The gate insulating layer 507can be formed of one or more films selected from a silicon oxide film, asilicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, a silicon nitride oxidefilm, an aluminum oxide film, an aluminum nitride film, an aluminumoxynitride film, an aluminum nitride oxide film, a hafnium oxide film,and the like.

Further, in order that hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, and moisture arecontained as little as possible in the gate insulating layer 507 and anoxide semiconductor film 530, it is preferable to preheat the substrate505 over which the gate electrode layer 511 is formed or the substrate505 over which the gate electrode layer 511 and the gate insulatinglayer 507 are formed, in a preheating chamber of a sputtering apparatusas pretreatment for the formation of the oxide semiconductor film 530,so that impurities such as hydrogen and moisture adsorbed on thesubstrate 505 are eliminated. As an evacuation unit, a cryopump ispreferably provided in the preheating chamber. This preheating step maybe performed on the substrate 505 over which layers up to and includinga source electrode layer 515 a and a drain electrode layer 515 b areformed. Note that this preheating treatment can be omitted.

Next, over the gate insulating layer 507, the oxide semiconductor film530 with a thickness of greater than or equal to 2 nm and less than orequal to 200 nm, preferably greater than or equal to 5 nm and less thanor equal to 30 nm is formed (see FIG. 6A).

For the oxide semiconductor film 530, any of the four-component metaloxide, the three-component metal oxides, the two-component metal oxides,an In—O-based oxide semiconductor, a Sn—O-based oxide semiconductor, aZn—O-based oxide semiconductor, and the like, which are described in theabove embodiment, can be used.

As a target for forming the oxide semiconductor film 530 by a sputteringmethod, it is particularly preferable to use a target having acomposition ratio of In:Ga:Zn=1:x:y (x is 0 or more and y is more thanor equal to 0.5 and less than or equal to 5). For example, a targethaving a composition ratio of In:Ga:Zn=1:1:1 [atomic ratio] (x=1, y=1)(that is, In₂O₃:Ga₂O₃:ZnO=1:1:2 [molar ratio]) can be used.Alternatively, a target having a composition ratio of In:Ga:Zn=1:1:0.5[atomic ratio] (x=1, y=0.5), a target having a composition ratio ofIn:Ga:Zn=1:1:2 [atomic ratio] (x=1, y=2), or a target having acomposition ratio of In:Ga:Zn=1:0:1 [atomic ratio] (x=0, y=1) can beused.

In this embodiment, an oxide semiconductor layer having an amorphousstructure is formed by a sputtering method using an In—Ga—Zn—O-basedmetal oxide target.

The relative density of a metal oxide in the metal oxide target isgreater than or equal to 80%, preferably greater than or equal to 95%,and further preferably greater than or equal to 99.9%. The use of ametal oxide target having high relative density makes it possible toform an oxide semiconductor layer with a dense structure.

The atmosphere in which the oxide semiconductor film 530 is formed ispreferably a rare gas (typically, argon) atmosphere, an oxygenatmosphere, or a mixed atmosphere containing a rare gas (typically,argon) and oxygen. Specifically, it is preferable to use, for example,an atmosphere of a high-purity gas from which an impurity such ashydrogen, water, a hydroxyl group, or hydride is removed so that theconcentration of the impurity is 1 ppm or lower (preferably theconcentration is 10 ppb or lower).

In the formation of the oxide semiconductor film 530, for example, aprocess object may be held in a treatment chamber that is kept underreduced pressure and the process object may be heated so that thetemperature of the process object is higher than or equal to 100° C. andlower than 550° C., preferably higher than or equal to 200° C. and lowerthan or equal to 400° C. Alternatively, the temperature of the processobject in the formation of the oxide semiconductor film 530 may be roomtemperature (25° C.±10° C.). Then, a sputtering gas from which hydrogen,water, or the like is removed is introduced while moisture in thetreatment chamber is removed, and the aforementioned target is used,whereby the oxide semiconductor film 530 is formed. In forming the oxidesemiconductor film 530 while heating the process object, impurities inthe oxide semiconductor layer can be reduced. Further, damage due tosputtering can be reduced. In order to remove moisture in the treatmentchamber, an entrapment vacuum pump is preferably used. For example, acryopump, an ion pump, a titanium sublimation pump, or the like can beused. Alternatively, a turbo pump provided with a cold trap may be used.By evacuation with the cryopump or the like, hydrogen, water, and thelike can be removed from the treatment chamber, whereby the impurityconcentration in the oxide semiconductor film 530 can be reduced.

The oxide semiconductor film 530 can be formed under the followingconditions, for example: the distance between the process object and thetarget is 170 mm, the pressure is 0.4 Pa, the direct-current (DC) poweris 0.5 kW, and the atmosphere is an oxygen (oxygen: 100%) atmosphere, anargon (argon: 100%) atmosphere, or a mixed atmosphere including oxygenand argon. Note that a pulsed direct-current (DC) power source ispreferably used because dust (such as powder substances formed at thetime of film formation) can be reduced and the film thickness can beuniform. The thickness of the oxide semiconductor film 530 is greaterthan or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm, preferablygreater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 30 nm, andfurther preferably greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equalto 10 nm. With the oxide semiconductor film 530 having such a thickness,a short-channel effect due to miniaturization can be suppressed. Notethat the appropriate thickness differs depending on the oxidesemiconductor material to be used, the intended use of the semiconductordevice, and the like; therefore, the thickness may be determined inaccordance with the material, the intended use, and the like.

Note that before the oxide semiconductor film 530 is formed by asputtering method, a substance attached to a surface where the oxidesemiconductor film 530 is to be formed (e.g., a surface of the gateinsulating layer 507) is preferably removed by reverse sputtering inwhich an argon gas is introduced to generate plasma. Here, the reversesputtering is a method in which ions collide with a process surface sothat the surface is modified, in contrast to normal sputtering in whichions collide with a sputtering target. As an example of a method formaking ions collide with a process surface, there is a method in whichhigh-frequency voltage is applied to the process surface in an argonatmosphere so that plasma is generated in the vicinity of the processobject. Note that an atmosphere of nitrogen, helium, oxygen, or the likemay be used instead of an argon atmosphere.

Next, the oxide semiconductor film 530 is processed into anisland-shaped oxide semiconductor layer through a secondphotolithography process. Note that a resist mask used in thephotolithography process may be formed by an inkjet method. Formation ofthe resist mask by an inkjet method needs no photomask; thus,manufacturing cost can be reduced.

In the case where a contact hole is formed in the gate insulating layer507, a step of forming the contact hole can be performed at the sametime as processing of the oxide semiconductor film 530.

As the etching of the oxide semiconductor film 530, either wet etchingor dry etching or both of them may be employed. As an etchant used forwet etching of the oxide semiconductor film 530, a solution obtained bymixing phosphoric acid, acetic acid, and nitric acid, an ammoniaperoxide mixture (31 wt % hydrogen peroxide water:28 wt % ammonia water:water=5:2:2), or the like can be used. An etchant such as ITO07N(produced by KANTO CHEMICAL CO., INC.) may also be used.

Then, heat treatment (first heat treatment) is performed on the oxidesemiconductor layer, so that an oxide semiconductor layer 531 is formed(see FIG. 6B). By the first heat treatment, excessive hydrogen(including water and a hydroxyl group) in the oxide semiconductor layeris removed and a structure of the oxide semiconductor layer is improved,so that defect level in energy gap can be reduced. The temperature ofthe first heat treatment is, for example, higher than or equal to 300°C. and lower than 550° C., or higher than or equal to 400° C. and lowerthan or equal to 500° C.

The heat treatment can be performed in such a way that, for example, aprocess object is introduced into an electric furnace in which aresistance heating element or the like is used and heated at 450° C.under a nitrogen atmosphere for an hour. During the heat treatment, theoxide semiconductor layer is not exposed to the air, in order to prevententry of water and hydrogen.

The heat treatment apparatus is not limited to an electric furnace; theheat treatment apparatus can be an apparatus that heats a process objectusing thermal radiation or thermal conduction from a medium such as aheated gas or the like. For example, an RTA (rapid thermal annealing)apparatus such as a GRTA (gas rapid thermal annealing) apparatus or anLRTA (lamp rapid thermal annealing) apparatus can be used. An LRTAapparatus is an apparatus for heating a process object using radiationof light (an electromagnetic wave) emitted from a lamp such as a halogenlamp, a metal halide lamp, a xenon arc lamp, a carbon arc lamp, ahigh-pressure sodium lamp, or a high-pressure mercury lamp. A GRTAapparatus is an apparatus for heat treatment using a high-temperaturegas. As the gas, an inert gas which does not react with a process objectby heat treatment, such as nitrogen or a rare gas such as argon is used.

For example, as the first heat treatment, GRTA treatment may beperformed in the following manner. The process object is put in an inertgas atmosphere that has been heated, heated for several minutes, andthen taken out of the inert gas atmosphere. The GRTA treatment enableshigh-temperature heat treatment in a short time. Moreover, in the GRTAtreatment, even conditions of the temperature that exceeds the uppertemperature limit of the process object can be employed. Note that thegas may be switched from the inert gas to a gas including oxygen duringthe process. This is because defect levels in the energy gap due tooxygen deficiency can be reduced by performing the first heat treatmentin an atmosphere including oxygen.

Note that as the inert gas atmosphere, an atmosphere that containsnitrogen or a rare gas (e.g., helium, neon, or argon) as its maincomponent and does not contain water, hydrogen, or the like ispreferably used. For example, the purity of nitrogen or a rare gas suchas helium, neon, or argon introduced into a heat treatment apparatus isset to 6 N (99.9999%) or more, preferably 7 N (99.99999%) or more (i.e.,the impurity concentration is 1 ppm or less, preferably 0.1 ppm orless).

In any case, when impurities are reduced by the first heat treatment toform the oxide semiconductor layer that is an i-type (intrinsic) orsubstantially i-type semiconductor layer, a transistor with extremelyexcellent characteristics can be realized.

The above heat treatment (first heat treatment) has an effect ofremoving hydrogen, water, and the like and thus can be referred to asdehydration treatment, dehydrogenation treatment, or the like. Thedehydration treatment or the dehydrogenation treatment can be performedafter the formation of the oxide semiconductor film 530 and before theoxide semiconductor film 530 is processed into the island-shaped oxidesemiconductor layer. Such dehydration treatment or dehydrogenationtreatment may be conducted once or plural times.

The first heat treatment can be performed at any of the followingtimings other than the above timing: after formation of a sourceelectrode layer and a drain electrode layer, after formation of aninsulating layer over the source electrode layer and the drain electrodelayer, and the like.

Next, a conductive film to be a source electrode layer and a drainelectrode layer (including a wiring formed from the same film as thesource electrode layer and the drain electrode layer) is formed over thegate insulating layer 507 and the oxide semiconductor layer 531. Theconductive film used to form the source electrode layer and the drainelectrode layer can be formed using any of the materials described inthe above embodiment.

A resist mask is formed over the conductive film in a thirdphotolithography process, and the source electrode layer 515 a and thedrain electrode layer 515 b are formed by selective etching, and then,the resist mask is removed (see FIG. 6C).

Light exposure at the time of formation of the resist mask in the thirdphotolithography process may be performed using ultraviolet light, KrFlaser light, or ArF laser light. Note that the channel length (L) of thetransistor is determined by the distance between the source electrodelayer and the drain electrode layer. Therefore, in light exposure forforming a mask which is used for forming a transistor with a channellength (L) of less than 25 nm, it is preferable to use extremeultraviolet light whose wavelength is as short as several nanometers toseveral tens of nanometers. In light exposure using extreme ultravioletlight, resolution is high and depth of focus is large. For thesereasons, the channel length (L) of the transistor completed later can begreater than or equal to 10 nm and less than or equal to 1000 nm (1 μm),and the circuit can operate at high speed. Moreover, power consumptionof the semiconductor device can be reduced by miniaturization.

In order to reduce the number of photomasks and the number ofphotolithography processes, the etching step may be performed using aresist mask formed with a multi-tone mask. Since a resist mask formedwith a multi-tone mask includes regions of plural thicknesses and can befurther changed in shape by performing etching, the resist mask can beused in a plurality of etching steps to provide different patterns.Therefore, a resist mask corresponding to at least two kinds ofdifferent patterns can be formed with one multi-tone mask. Thus, thenumber of light-exposure masks can be reduced and the number ofcorresponding photolithography processes can also be reduced, wherebysimplification of the process can be realized.

Note that it is preferable that etching conditions be optimized so asnot to etch and divide the oxide semiconductor layer 531 when theconductive film is etched. However, it is difficult to obtain etchingconditions in which only the conductive film is etched and the oxidesemiconductor layer 531 is not etched at all. In some cases, part of theoxide semiconductor layer 531 is etched when the conductive film isetched, whereby the oxide semiconductor layer 531 having a grooveportion (a recessed portion) is formed.

Either wet etching or dry etching may be used for the etching of theconductive film. Note that dry etching is preferably used in terms ofmicrofabrication of the element. An etching gas and an etchant can beselected as appropriate in accordance with a material of a layer to beetched. In this embodiment, a titanium film is used as the conductivefilm and an In—Ga—Zn—O based material is used for the oxidesemiconductor layer 531; accordingly, in the case of employing wetetching, an ammonia hydrogen peroxide solution (a mixture of ammonia,water, and a hydrogen peroxide solution) is used as an etchant.

Next, plasma treatment using a gas such as N₂O, N₂, or Ar is preferablyperformed, so that water, hydrogen, or the like attached to a surface ofan exposed portion of the oxide semiconductor layer may be removed. Inthe case of performing the plasma treatment, an insulating layer 516serving as a protective insulating film is formed without being exposedto the air.

The insulating layer 516 is preferably formed to a thickness of at least1 nm by a method by which an impurity such as water or hydrogen is notintroduced into the insulating layer 516, such as a sputtering method.When hydrogen is contained in the insulating layer 516, entry of thehydrogen to the oxide semiconductor layer, or extraction of oxygen inthe oxide semiconductor layer by the hydrogen is caused, thereby causingthe backchannel of the oxide semiconductor layer to have lowerresistance (to have an n-type conductivity), so that a parasitic channelmay be formed. As the insulating layer 516, a silicon oxide film, asilicon oxynitride film, an aluminum oxide film, an aluminum oxynitridefilm, or the like is preferably used.

In this embodiment, a silicon oxide film is formed to a thickness of 200nm by a sputtering method as the insulating layer 516. The substratetemperature in deposition may be higher than or equal to roomtemperature (25° C.) and lower than or equal to 300° C., and is 100° C.in this embodiment. The silicon oxide film can be deposited by asputtering method in a rare gas (typically, argon) atmosphere, an oxygenatmosphere, or a mixed atmosphere containing a rare gas and oxygen. As atarget, a silicon oxide target or a silicon target may be used.

In order to remove residual moisture in the deposition chamber for theinsulating layer 516 in a manner similar to that of the deposition ofthe oxide semiconductor film 530, an entrapment vacuum pump (such as acryopump) is preferably used. When the insulating layer 516 is depositedin the deposition chamber which is evacuated using a cryopump, theimpurity concentration in the insulating layer 516 can be reduced. Aturbo pump provided with a cold trap may be used as an evacuation unitfor removing moisture remaining in the deposition chamber used forforming the insulating layer 516.

A sputtering gas used for depositing the insulating layer 516 ispreferably a high-purity gas from which an impurity such as hydrogen orwater is removed.

Next, second heat treatment is performed in an inert gas atmosphere oran oxygen gas atmosphere. The second heat treatment is performed at atemperature higher than or equal to 200° C. and lower than or equal to450° C., preferably higher than or equal to 250° C. and lower than orequal to 350° C. For example, the heat treatment may be performed at250° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere. The second heat treatmentcan reduce variation in electric characteristics of the transistor. Bysupply of oxygen from the insulating layer 516 to the oxidesemiconductor layer 531, an oxygen deficiency in the oxide semiconductorlayer 531 is compensated, whereby an i-type (intrinsic) or substantiallyi-type oxide semiconductor layer can be formed.

In this embodiment, the second heat treatment is performed after theformation of the insulating layer 516; however, the timing of the secondheat treatment is not limited thereto. For example, the first heattreatment may be followed by the second heat treatment, or the firstheat treatment may also serve as the second heat treatment.

In the above-described manner, through the first heat treatment and thesecond heat treatment, the oxide semiconductor layer 531 is purified soas not to contain an impurity other than main components of the oxidesemiconductor layer, whereby the oxide semiconductor layer 531 canbecome an i-type (intrinsic) oxide semiconductor layer.

Through the above-described process, the transistor 510 is formed (seeFIG. 6D).

It is preferable to further form a protective insulating layer 506 overthe insulating layer 516 (see FIG. 6E). The protective insulating layer506 prevents entry of hydrogen, water, and the like from the outside. Asthe protective insulating layer 506, a silicon nitride film, an aluminumnitride film, or the like can be used, for example. The formation methodof the protective insulating layer 506 is not particularly limited;however, an RF sputtering method is suitable because of its highproductivity.

After the formation of the protective insulating layer 506, heattreatment may be further performed at a temperature of 100° C. to 200°C. inclusive for 1 hour to 30 hours inclusive in the air.

With the use of the transistor which includes a purified oxidesemiconductor layer and is manufactured in accordance with thisembodiment, a reverse current can be made small enough. Therefore, inthe case of using this transistor in a demodulation circuit, thedemodulation circuit can have a sufficient demodulation ability.

The structures, methods, and the like described in this embodiment canbe combined as appropriate with any of the structures, methods, and thelike described in the other embodiments.

This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial no.2010-034858 filed with Japan Patent Office on Feb. 19, 2010, the entirecontents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

EXPLANATION OF REFERENCE

T1: first transistor, T2: second transistor, C1: first capacitor, C2:second capacitor, C3: third capacitor, R1: first resistor, R2: secondresistor, 101: broken line, 103: solid line, 300: RFID tag, 301:communication device, 302: antenna, 303: radio signal, 304: antenna,305: rectifier circuit, 306: constant voltage circuit, 307: demodulationcircuit, 308: modulation circuit, 309: logic circuit, 310: memorycircuit, 311: ROM, 400: substrate, 401: gate electrode layer, 402: gateinsulating layer, 403: oxide semiconductor layer, 405 a: sourceelectrode layer, 405 b: drain electrode layer, 407: insulating layer,409: protective insulating layer, 410: transistor, 420: transistor, 427:insulating layer, 430: transistor, 436 a: wiring layer, 436 b: wiringlayer, 437: insulating layer, 440: transistor, 505: substrate, 506:protective insulating layer, 507: gate insulating layer, 510:transistor, 511: gate electrode layer, 515 a: source electrode layer,515 b: drain electrode layer, 516: insulating layer, 530: oxidesemiconductor film, and 531: oxide semiconductor layer.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A semiconductor device comprising: anantenna; a first transistor comprising a channel formation regionincluding an oxide semiconductor; a second transistor comprising achannel formation region including an oxide semiconductor; and a firstcapacitor, wherein the antenna is electrically connected to one terminalof the first capacitor, wherein the other terminal of the firstcapacitor, a gate of the first transistor, one of a source and drain ofthe first transistor, and one of a source and a drain of the secondtransistor are electrically connected to one another, and wherein a gateof the second transistor is electrically connected to the other of thesource and the drain of the second transistor.
 2. The semiconductordevice according to claim 1, further comprising: a second capacitor,wherein one terminal of the second capacitor is electrically connectedto the other of the source and the drain of the first transistor, andwherein the other terminal of the second capacitor is electricallyconnected to the other of the source and the drain of the secondtransistor.
 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, furthercomprising: a resistor, wherein one terminal of the resistor iselectrically connected to the other of the source and the drain of thefirst transistor, and wherein the other terminal of the resistor iselectrically connected to the other of the source and the drain of thesecond transistor.
 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 1,wherein the oxide semiconductor is selected from the group consisting ofIn—Sn—Ga—Zn—O based oxide semiconductor, In—Ga—Zn—O based oxidesemiconductor, In—Sn—Zn—O based oxide semiconductor, In—Al—Zn—O basedoxide semiconductor, Sn—Ga—Zn—O based oxide semiconductor, Al—Ga—Zn—Obased oxide semiconductor, Sn—Al—Zn—O based oxide semiconductor, In—Zn—Obased oxide semiconductor, Sn—Zn—O based oxide semiconductor, Al—Zn—Obased oxide semiconductor, Zn—Mg—O based oxide semiconductor, Sn—Mg—Obased oxide semiconductor, In—Mg—O based oxide semiconductor, In—O basedoxide semiconductor, Sn—O based oxide semiconductor, and Zn—O basedoxide semiconductor.
 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 2,wherein the antenna receives a signal from a reader/writer.
 6. Thesemiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the semiconductordevice is an RFID.
 7. A semiconductor device comprising: an antenna; afirst transistor comprising a channel formation region including asemiconductor material with an energy gap of larger than 3 eV; a secondtransistor comprising a channel formation region including asemiconductor material with an energy gap of larger than 3 eV; and afirst capacitor, wherein the antenna is electrically connected to oneterminal of the first capacitor, wherein the other terminal of the firstcapacitor, a gate of the first transistor, one of a source and drain ofthe first transistor, and one of a source and a drain of the secondtransistor are electrically connected to one another, and wherein a gateof the second transistor is electrically connected to the other of thesource and the drain of the second transistor.
 8. The semiconductordevice according to claim 7, further comprising: a second capacitor,wherein one terminal of the second capacitor is electrically connectedto the other of the source and the drain of the first transistor, andwherein the other terminal of the second capacitor is electricallyconnected to the other of the source and the drain of the secondtransistor.
 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 7, furthercomprising: a resistor, wherein one terminal of the resistor iselectrically connected to the other of the source and the drain of thefirst transistor, and wherein the other terminal of the resistor iselectrically connected to the other of the source and the drain of thesecond transistor.
 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 8,wherein the semiconductor material is selected from the group consistingof In—Sn—Ga—Zn—O based oxide semiconductor, In—Ga—Zn—O based oxidesemiconductor, In—Sn—Zn—O based oxide semiconductor, In—Al—Zn—O basedoxide semiconductor, Sn—Ga—Zn—O based oxide semiconductor, Al—Ga—Zn—Obased oxide semiconductor, Sn—Al—Zn—O based oxide semiconductor, In—Zn—Obased oxide semiconductor, Sn—Zn—O based oxide semiconductor, Al—Zn—Obased oxide semiconductor, Zn—Mg—O based oxide semiconductor, Sn—Mg—Obased oxide semiconductor, In—Mg—O based oxide semiconductor, In—O basedoxide semiconductor, Sn—O based oxide semiconductor, and Zn—O basedoxide semiconductor.
 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 7,wherein the antenna receives a signal from a reader/writer.
 12. Thesemiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein the semiconductordevice is an RFID.
 13. A semiconductor device comprising: an antenna; afirst transistor comprising a channel formation region including siliconand carbon; a second transistor comprising a channel formation regionincluding silicon and carbon; and a first capacitor, wherein the antennais electrically connected to one terminal of the first capacitor,wherein the other terminal of the first capacitor, a gate of the firsttransistor, one of a source and drain of the first transistor, and oneof a source and a drain of the second transistor are electricallyconnected to one another, and wherein a gate of the second transistor iselectrically connected to the other of the source and the drain of thesecond transistor.
 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 13,further comprising: a second capacitor, wherein one terminal of thesecond capacitor is electrically connected to the other of the sourceand the drain of the first transistor, and wherein the other terminal ofthe second capacitor is electrically connected to the other of thesource and the drain of the second transistor.
 15. The semiconductordevice according to claim 13, further comprising: a resistor, whereinone terminal of the resistor is electrically connected to the other ofthe source and the drain of the first transistor, and wherein the otherterminal of the resistor is electrically connected to the other of thesource and the drain of the second transistor.
 16. The semiconductordevice according to claim 13, wherein the antenna receives a signal froma reader/writer.
 17. The semiconductor device according to claim 13,wherein the semiconductor device is an RFID.